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VOLCAN Sur la seule journée de mercredi, pas moins de 277 éboulements ont été relevés par l’Observatoire volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise (OVPF). Au fil des siècles, les remparts Levolcan Piton de la Fournaise. avec une vue du Dolomieu et de l’enclos Fouqué depuis le Piton de Bert, actualisées toutes les demi-heure (de jour comme de nuit) La fréquence de rafraichissement du panorama et des vidéos peut être modifiée à tout moment, pour laisser priorité aux données scientifiques. Vidéo de l'éruption de Juin Pitonde Fournaise: ascension du Piton de la Fournaise - consultez 874 avis de voyageurs, 1 070 photos, les meilleures offres et comparez les prix pour Saint-Benoit, Ile de La Réunion sur Tripadvisor. Photoà propos Vue scénique du volcan de Piton de la Fournaise visualisé de la caldeira avec une piste dans le plan, stationnement national de Reunion Island. Image du lointain, cratère, extérieur - 21648441 Ledroit des logiciels, des nouvelles technologies et plus généralement du "numérique" est notre coeur de métier depuis plus de vingt ans Unafraid 2 - Episode 2 2 years back, the superhero picture Aquaman released in the theaters 2 years back, the superhero picture Aquaman released in the theaters. Episode 2 Server 1 (140mb) Episode 3 Server 1 nonton film siyah beyaz ask sub indonesia episode 1. Research Open Access Published 13 August 2022 Virginie Pinel2, Joaquín M. C. Belart3,4, Marcello De Michele5, Catherine Proy6, Claire Tinel6, Etienne Berthier7, Yannick Guéhenneux1, Magnus Tumi Gudmundsson4, Birgir V. Óskarsson8, Shan Gremion9, Daniel Raucoules5, Sébastien Valade10, Francesco Massimetti11 & Bjorn Oddsson12 Journal of Applied Volcanology volume 11, Article number 10 2022 Cite this article 103 Accesses 3 Altmetric Metrics details AbstractWithin the framework of the CIEST2 Cellule d'Intervention d'Expertise Scientifique et Technique new generation and thanks to the support of CNES, the French space agency, the first phase of the Fagradalsfjall eruption was exceptionally well covered by high resolution optical satellite data, through daily acquisitions of Pléiades images in stereo mode. In this study, we show how Pléiades data provided real-time information useful for the operational monitoring of the ongoing eruption. An estimation of the volume of lava emitted as well as the corresponding effusion rate could be derived and delivered to the civil protection less than 6 h after the data acquisition. This information is complementary to and consistent with estimates obtained through the HOTVOLC service using SEVIRI Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager sensor on-board Meteosat Second Generation MGS geostationary satellites, operated by the European Space Agency ESA, characterized by a lower spatial resolution and a higher temporal one. In addition to the information provided on the lava emission, Pléiades data also helped characterize the intensity of the eruption by providing insight into the elevation and the velocity of the volcanic plume. The survey of this effusive eruption, well anticipated by a series of precursors, is a proof of concept of the efficiency of optical/thermal satellite data for volcanic crisis real-time monitoring. IntroductionLava flows on the ground and related atmospheric ash/SO2 emissions induced by the volcanic activity are common hazards occurring during eruptions and can represent a threat to the population living in the vicinity of volcanoes areas Allen et al., 2000; Vicari et al., 2011. Effusion rates and degassing are key information on the intensity of the eruption, the driving forces leading to magma ascent and thus the temporal evolution of the event. Today, operational monitoring of volcanic products is achieved through both in-situ measurements and ground-based instruments Marzano et al., 2006; Calvari et al., 2011; Gouhier et al., 2012; Aiuppa et al., 2015; Di Traglia et al., 2021. The development of ground-based remote sensing tools, such as those aimed at studying lava flows propagation, open vent degassing, or ash emissions are now part of routine monitoring operations at many volcanoes Scollo et al., 2009; Barsotti et al., 2020; Peltier et al., 2021; Kelfoun et al., 2021. However, for volcanoes located in remote areas, where the installation and maintenance of expensive instruments network is difficult, satellite-based techniques are more beneficial if satellite remote sensing systems can provide a rapid assessment of volcanic activity Schmidt et al., 2015; Gouhier et al., 2016; Coppola et al., 2016a, b; Dumont et al., 2018; Valade et al., 2019; Albino et al., 2020. This is particularly important as such data can potentially be used to derive crucial information for decision makers. Yet the provision of accurate data in a timely fashion remains very challenging from space as sensors on-board Low-Earth Orbiting LEO platforms with very high spatial resolutions usually have low frequency of acquisition such as Pléiades, while sensors on-board geostationary GEO platforms with very high acquisition rate suffer from low spatial resolution such as MSG satellites.Satellites have already been extensively used to produce digital elevation models DEMs in volcanic areas and infer the volume of eruptive deposits by comparing the differences between a DEM obtained after the emplacement of deposits with a pre-eruptive DEM. While most studies are based on TanDEM-X bistatic radar data Albino 2015, Bato 2016, Albino 2020, some use high-resolution Pléiades optical data acquired in stereo mode Bagnardi et al 2016; Carrara et al 2019. For the October 2010 effusive eruption of Piton de la Fournaise, Réunion Island, Bato et al, 2016 made a direct comparison of mean effusion rates derived by DEMs differentiation and by thermal anomalies quantification from MODIS data and demonstrated a fairly good agreement between the two independent dataset. While the growth rate of domes has been estimated from Pléiades imagery Pinel et al., 2020; Moussallam et al, 2021, until now, optical satellite imagery has never been used to estimate the temporal evolution of the volume of magma emitted during a lava flow emplacement event, providing only an estimate of the total volume of the emplaced lava flow. However, there are a few examples of studies providing the temporal evolution of the eruptive rate based on TanDEM-X data Poland 2014, Arnold 2017, Kubanek 2017. However, all these studies were performed a posteriori and, so far, satellite imagery has never provided real-time DEMs for operational monitoring. The time evolution of effusion rates can also be obtained from MidWave InfraRed MWIR satellite imagery either from LEO platforms such as Terra-MODIS providing time-average effusion rates Wright et al., 2001; Coppola et al., 2016a, b, or from GEO platforms such as Meteosat-SEVIRI, providing instantaneous effusion rates Ganci et al., 2012; Gouhier et al., 2016. A comparison of the cumulative volume estimated by SEVIRI and DEM difference has been performed a posteriori for the 2015 eruption of Etna Ganci et al. 2019a. The volume derived from SEVIRI data was 20% smaller than that estimated from the difference between DEMs, which was interpreted by the authors as resulting from lava porosity. Interestingly, Sentinel-2 satellite ESA-Copernicus providing ShortWave InfraRed SWIR data fills the gap between Pléiades Optical and Meteosat MWIR data in terms of temporal and spatial resolutions. In particular, it allows an attractive compromise for the monitoring of effusive eruptions and the cartography of lava flow field Valade et al., 2019; Massimetti et al., 2020. Finally, the coherence of radar data can also be used in real time to derive the evolution of the surface covered by the lava Ebmeier et al., 2012; Kubanek et al., 2015; Valade et al., 2019; Richter and Froger 2020.In order to promote the use of satellite data for hazards studies and mitigation, two French initiatives have been undertaken. i The Technical-Scientific Intervention and expertise unit CIEST2 – Cellule d'Intervention d'Expertise Scientifique et Technique new generation, was created in 2019 following the expression of interest of about 30 French scientists. The objective is to extend and facilitate the acquisition and use of very high optical images from Pléiades acquired under the International Charter "Space and Major Disasters", for the understanding and study of geological hazards. The CIEST2 initiative is now placed in the framework of the solid Earth national data and services pole Formter. ii In parallel, HOTVOLC is a geostationary satellite-data-driven service dedicated to the real-time monitoring of active volcanoes, allowing lava hot spots, ash and SO2 clouds products to be detected and tracked at an acquisition rate of one image every 15 min Gouhier et al., 2016; 2020. HOTVOLC uses Meteosat-SEVIRI infrared images and is part of the National Observation Service for Volcanology SNOV – Service National des Observations en Volcanologie operated by the CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Its mission is to ensure continuous and permanent monitoring of French volcanoes, as well as volcanic targets Italy, Iceland, Lesser Antilles, etc. whose products may affect French this context, the recent Icelandic eruption of Mt. Fagradalsfjall in the Reykjanes Peninsula, which started on March 19, 2021 offers a very good opportunity to demonstrate the ability of the CIEST2 and HOTVOLC initiatives to provide a rapid and concerted response to gather crucial information useful for making informed decisions. The Fagradalsfjall eruption was closely monitored with remote sensing data through the CIEST2, HOTVOLC and MOUNTS initiatives during the first 10 days of the eruption, and through the entire eruption using a large amount of airborne data Pedersen et al., 2022. The eruption is a long-term basaltic effusive eruption that initiated as a fissure eruption on 19 March 2021 within an enclosed valley, accompanied by small lava fountains which ended on 18 september. In this paper, we present the two French initiatives CIEST2 and HOTVOLC with associated methodology, and discuss their capabilities and limitations, as well as the major interest of coupling these two approaches. We also present the potential contribution of Sentinel-2 data for the estimation of lava surface from the operational platforms MOUNTS. Then, we describe the results obtained from Pléiades and Meteosat data. This comprises, in particular, the estimation of lava flows volume and volcanic plume elevation from Pléiades DEMs, as well as the comparison between average and instantaneous lava discharge rates using Pléiades and Meteosat images, respectively. We also provide airborne data at very high spatial resolution, hereafter used as a validation of satellite-based initiatives for a rapid response using CNES/ESA spatial resourcesCIEST2 Technical-Scientific Intervention and expertise unitCIEST2 is a French initiative aiming at fostering cooperation of the geophysical community around the use of satellite imagery for geohazards monitoring and understanding. This synergy between CNES the French Space Agency and the French “solid Earth” community aims at a quick response in the programming and use of Earth observation resources, in the event of a geophysical hazard. The goal of the initiative is to analyze and process space imagery to ultimately improve our knowledge of a geophysical initiative started in 2005 as a formal agreement between six national organizations BRGM, CEA, INSU, IPGP, IRD, UCBL which aimed to extend the use of space resources, in particular the SPOT images acquired within the framework of the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, for the study and understanding of geophysical hazards. Today 2022 the CIEST2 initiative has become a synergistic working group based on very high resolution Pléiades stereo images provided by CNES and potentially Copernicus Sentinel-1 and -2 data. The organization is as follows In case of events such as earthquake, volcano eruption, landslides or glacier collapse, the CIEST2 steering committee decides to activate the CIEST2 device. Then, CNES immediately triggers Pléiades stereo tasking by Airbus Defense and Space Airbus DS in order to enable DEM generation or multi-temporal analysis. The acquisition strategy chosen consists of pointing the Pléiades-1A and -1B satellites systematically at each passage over the area. For 10 consecutive days, daily acquisitions in "stereo" mode take place, exploiting the agility of the satellite, capable of pointing its optical system towards any target located in its field of view. Each acquisition consists of a pair of two images, taken with different viewing angles, less than a minute apart from the same orbit, in order to increase the chances of obtaining a visual, and, if applicable, to be able to calculate the topography of the area of interest by Geostationary-data-driven operational serviceHOTVOLC is a Web-GIS Geographic Information System volcano monitoring system Fig. 1 using SEVIRI Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager sensor on-board METEOSAT geostationary satellite and developed at the OPGC Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand in 2009 after the installation of the first receiving station. The spectral bands of the SEVIRI sensor allow the HOTVOLC system to simultaneously characterize volcanic ash, sulfur dioxide, and lava flow emissions. It is designed for the real-time monitoring of ~ 50 active volcanoes and provides high value-added products at the frequency of one image every 15 min with a pixel resolution of 3 × 3 km at nadir. HOTVOLC is open-access and data can be downloaded from the entire database covering the period 2010–2021. Satellite products are delivered in the form of i geo-referenced images geotiff tiled on a background map, and ii time series csv associated with interactive data visualization technologies. HOTVOLC is part of the SNOV and is labelled by the CNRS since 2012. Within this framework we ensure real-time monitoring of French volcanic targets, as for Piton de la Fournaise effusive eruptions Peltier et al., 2021; Thivet et al., 2020. Also, we provide timely information on other volcanic targets whose products may affect French territories such as the Icelandic 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption Bonadonna et al., 2011; Labazuy et al., 2012, whose volcanic ash plumes reached the French airspace. Since 2018, HOTVOLC falls under the official function of Meteo-France Gouhier et al., 2020 and provides data to the Toulouse VAAC Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre allowing a better assessment of the risk related to air traffic. Figure 1 is a screenshot of the HOTVOLC Web-GIS interface, showing the first hot spot anomaly detected by the system on March 19, at 21h15 UTC, only 30 min after the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption start, and which evidences the arrival of lava flows on the 1Screenshot of the HOTVOLC Web-GIS interface showing the hot spot anomalies red pixels in the Reykjanes peninsula 45 min after the onset of the eruption on March 19, 21h15 UTC. Below, one can observe a time series of the total spectral radiance spanning one month of effusive activityFull size imageMOUNTS Sentinel-Copernicus operational serviceMOUNTS Monitoring Unrest from Space, Valade et al. 2019, is an operational volcano monitoring system using the polar-orbiting ESA Copernicus Sentinel satellite constellation Sentinel-1, -2, -5P, together with Deep Learning, to assist in specific processing tasks. The synergistic use of radar Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar SAR, short-wave infrared Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral Instrument MSI and ultraviolet Sentinel-5P TROPOMI payloads, allows for monitoring on a single web-interface of surface deformation, topographic changes, emplacement of volcanic deposits, detection of thermal anomalies, and emission of volcanic SO2. The web-design is inspired by the MIROVA volcano monitoring system Coppola et al. 2016a, b, whereby monitored products are delivered in the form of images and time series, with interactive tools added to ease the data visualization Fig. 2. The system currently monitors over 70 volcanoes worldwide, but the number is regularly increasing as its flexible design allows for rapid addition of new volcanoes in response to volcanic unrest in any part of the 2Screenshot of the MOUNTS interface showing Sentinel data images and time series in the Reykjanes peninsula at the onset of the eruptionFull size imageIn this study we will only present Sentinel-2 data from MOUNTS, here used to derive information on lava flow field emplacement. Sentinel products are automatically downloaded from the Copernicus Open Access Hub as soon as they are available typically 2–12 h from sensing for Sentinel-2 L1C products, and immediately processed and published on the MOUNTS website typically h after availability online. Sentinel-2 images are acquired from two polar-orbiting satellites Sentinel-2A and -2B, launched in 2015 and 2017 respectively, and placed 180° from each other in the same sun-synchronous orbit. The revisit time is 5-days on average reduced to 2–3 days at mid-latitudes, with spatial resolution of 20 m/pixel in the SWIR bands and 10 m/pixel in the optical dataThe data collected by Pléiades during 22–31 March 2021 days 3 to 13 after the start of the eruption were tasked by Airbus DS and CNES in "emergency mode”. During this time period, the satellite imaged the area of interest daily between 1250–1330 local time, and the images were available for download about 2 h after the acquisition. Table 1 lists the characteristics of the subset of images for which the eruption site was cloud 1 Characteristics of Pléiades acquisitions all in stereo mode with good visibility limited cloud cover over the eruption site and used to estimate the volume of the lava field between days 3 and 13 after the eruption startedFull size tableMapping the lava area, volume and effusion rateOnce downloaded, we processed a subset of the images using the Ames StereoPipeline ASP, Shean et al., 2016 with the correlation parameters defined by Deschamps-Berger et al., 2020. The processing pipeline included the use of a reference DEM, which constrains the matching algorithms in the photogrammetric processing. For reference, we used the IslandsDEMv0 from the National Land Survey of Iceland The IslandsDEM is a seamless 2 × 2 m DEM mosaic with improved spatial accuracy compared to the ArcticDEM Porter et al., 2018, by merging repeated ArcticDEM acquisitions in order to minimize processing time with ASP of each Pléiades stereopair was 200 °C ca., with an overall estimate of 2 – 4% false alerts detected Massimetti et al., 2020. The reliability of the applied algorithm has already been successfully tested, firstly with a direct comparison to volcanogenic heat flux in Watt through MODIS Middle Infrared images; and then on a variety of different volcanological thermal-emitting phenomena worldwide, such as strombolian and effusive eruptions Laiolo et al., 2019, open-vent and lava lakes Massimetti et al., 2020 and explosive lava dome behavior Shevchenko et al., 2021. The algorithm used here is currently part of two online, automated, near-real time and global volcanic monitoring systems the MIROVA thermal monitoring system based on MODIS MIR data, Coppola et al., 2016a, b, and the multiparametric MOUNTS project presented above; Valade et al., 2019, and was the first SWIR Sentinel-2 thermal algorithm operationally online and publicly available Massimetti et al., 2020.Results and DiscussionPléiadesLava flow field characterizationFigure 3 is an example of a multispectral image left panel derived from the Pléiades stereo-images acquired on the 30th of March. It shows the lava flow footprint with hot spots in red color located at the center of the lava flow unit, and cooled areas in black around it. On the right panel, we provide the lava thickness map with volume of magma emitted and surface footprint. 11 days after the eruption start, the active center part of the lava flow reaches a maximum thickness of 35 m, for a surface of km2, leading to a lava volume of Mm3 at this time point of magma emitted. This information was provided to the Icelandic Civil Protection about 6 h after the image 3Left panel Pléiades multispectral image acquired on the 30th of March 2021, Right Panel lava thickness derived by differentiating the DEM produced in response mode from the images acquired on the 30th of March 2021 and the pre-eruptive arctic DEM. Background hillshade of the 30th March DEM. © CNES 2021, Distribution Airbus DSFull size imageAll successive volumes and effusion rates 22, 23, 26, 29, 30, and 31 March estimated in the response mode either from Pléiades images or airborne surveys are listed in Table 2 together with those estimated by reanalysis and represented in Fig. 4. Reanalysis data are very close to the ones of the response mode showing the robustness of operational routines used which is essential for rapid and reliable response of the Civil Protection Authorities. The data presented demonstrate that the cumulative volume Fig. 4 increases almost linearly with time having a lava effusion rate ranging from 5–6 m3/s. In more details, the accuracy of Pléiades data allows us to witness a small but significant decrease of the lava effusion rate from m3/s on the 22nd of March to m3/s on the 30th of March Fig. 4. Interestingly, the two lava volumes provided by airborne data are in very good agreement with the Pléiades results. Indeed, lava volumes derived from airborne data on 22/03 1010UTC is Mm3 while the Pléiades one, ~3 hours later 1315UTC on the same day, is Mm3. Airborne results, seen here as ground truth, demonstrate the accuracy of Pléiades data, and reinforce the objective of the CIEST2 initiative as using Pléiades images for operational purposes. Figure 5 presents all the thickness maps derived from Pléiades data in the reanalysis mode. From Table 2 and Fig. 4, it appears here again that there is no significant difference between volumes estimated in response mode and those estimated afterwards during the reanalysis differences are within error bars. We can thus conclude that the response mode was efficient at providing a quick and rather accurate estimation to the Icelandic Civil Protection. For the airborne survey, the reanalysis slightly modified the estimation of volume derived from the survey performed on the 23rd of March whereas it didn’t change significantly the estimation derived from the one made on the 31st of March. The thickness distribution agreement derived from Pléiades images and the airborne survey has been tested as a thickness difference map Fig. 6 on 23 March, where the Pléiades acquisition was performed 3 h only after the airborne survey. The result is important, as no significant elevation difference remains overall, except at the location of the active vents of lava emission, where effusion rates are high enough to build a detectable change in lava flow elevation in about 3 2 Total lava volumes calculated from Pléiades and airborne stereoimages, in response-mode and reanalysis-mode, using the Islands DEM as the pre-eruption DEM. Volumes are expressed in million cubic meters. All the effusion rates are reported as an average since the start of the eruption, defined on 19 Mar 2021, 2140 local timeFull size tableFig. 4Lava volume and effusion rate average since the start of the eruption calculated in response mode and in reanalysis modeFull size imageFig. 5Lava thickness maps obtained after reanalysis for the 5 Pléiades acquisitions listed in Table 2. Background Pléiades orthorectified images. © CNES 2021, Distribution Airbus DSFull size imageFig. 6Difference in elevation between the two surveys from 23 March Pléiades and airborne DEMs, in reanalysis mode. Red colors indicate thickening, as in the NW lobes of the eruptionFull size imageVolcanic plume characterizationVolcanic plume altitude estimation is essential as it provides information on eruption source parameters and dynamics, and is essential for air traffic risks mitigation. In this regard, the Plume Elevation Model PEM as calculated from Pléiades is very accurate and can be reliably used. In Fig. 7, we presents the results of the PEM from a volcanic cloud imaged on the 23rd of March 2021 by Pléiades. The altitude of the volcanic cloud varies between 300 and 800 m above sea level. This is a weak buoyant plume, mostly composed of condensed water, and probably sulfuric acid droplets with little or no ash Barnie et al., 2022. The trajectory of such a volcanic plume is fully controlled by the wind. The maximum velocity of the volcanic plume displacement reaches 14 m/s, which is in accordance with observations made with the Global Forecast System GFS by National Oceanic and Atmospheric administration NOAA, visualized with Ventusky web platform 7Plume Elevation Model of Fagradalsfjall, results from the 23rd of March 2021 top Pléiades image, panchromatic band; middle produced elevation map; bottom produced velocity map. Pléiades images courtesy of CNES via CIEST2, © CNES 2021, Distribution Airbus DSFull size imageMeteosat-SEVIRIAs a geostationary platform, the MSG-SEVIRI satellite allows rapid detection of lava hot spots as well as the estimation of quantitative parameters such as lava volume and lava effusion rates. This operational effort is currently being carried out by the HOTVOLC web-service, especially for Icelandic targets where volcanic eruptions are frequent. Therefore, results presented here directly come from data of the HOTVOLC platform, in crisis response mode, and no offline processing has been carried out for this particular case. This fills the main objective of the paper, that is, to show how satellite data can assist rapid decision making and response with online data using operational Fig. 8, we show a time series of the lava Volume Flow Rate VFR in m3/s for the first 10 days of the eruption, associated with the cumulative lava volume over the same period. The first detection occurred at 21h15 UTC on 19 March with a VFR of m3/s, that is, less than one hour after the eruption start. The related hot spot detection is visible in real-time on the HOTVOLC interface, and associated with a color code scaled to the spectral radiance amplitude. Detections were scarce during the following two days likely due to the presence of a volcanic plume above the source vents. Then, the rate of acquisition improves to one image every 15 min and shows an increase of the VFR up to 20–30 m3/s around 23 March. Then, the VFR decreases to values in the range 5–10 m3/s for the rest of the period with some peaks at around 15 m3/s. The time evolution of the VFR can also be read through the cumulative lava volume slope, first increasing, and then decreasing. On March 30, the total volume emitted and estimated using MSG-SEVIRI is ~ Mm3, and corresponding to an average effusion rate over the ten days of m3/s. In Fig. 8, we also compare cumulative lava volume from MSG-SEVIRI, Pléiades and airborne data. Related volumes estimations are quite close and show a similar time evolution, with all values derived from MSG-SEVIRI being slightly larger than the ones derived from other methods. All results are summarized in Table 3 in the conclusion 8time series of the instantaneous lava Volume Flow Rate VFR in m3/s and cumulative lava volume m3 during the first 10 days of the eruption, with landmarks showing acquisition times of Pléiades imagesFull size imageTable 3 Summary of the quantitative information on the lava flow evolution provided by the various independent remote sensing datasets considered in this studyFull size tableSentinel-2Here we present Sentinel-2 MSI images S2 hereafter processed by MOUNTS, with the aim to show the contribution of these products having an intermediate spatial and temporal resolution with respect to Pléiades and Meteosat products. As the effusive eruption began on 19 March from a ~ 150 m long fissure inside the Geldingadalir valley, and evolved to a larger crater with two main vents, the spatial resolution of S2 products is appropriate to map and observe the evolution of the lava field. We show the first two cloud-free images, depicting the first stage of the eruption, acquired on the 23rd of March 2021 1302 UTC and the 30th of March 2021 1312 UTC. Other S2 images were acquired on March 25 and 28. However the thick and pervasive cloud coverage does not allow proper visualization of the evolving lava field. The images are presented in Fig. 9, with three different visualizations i 10x10 km image with a combination of optical bands and SWIR bands, highlighting the presence of hot materials over background and to appreciate the surrounding environmental features; ii a 2x2 km zoom with a combination of optical and SWIR bands, only for the pixel detected by the algorithm as hot; iii a 2x2 km side zoom solely with the SWIR 9Cloud-free Sentinel-2 images acquired during the first 10 days of the eruption. Left panel is a 10x10 km image with a combination of optical bands and SWIR bands "hot" pixel detected by the algorithm are displayed using the SWIR bands, middle panel is a 2x2 km zoom, right panel is a 2x2 km zoom with solely SWIR band combinationFull size imageThe hot spot algorithm automatically detected on 23 March a total of 920 hot pixels, and on 30 March a total of 686 pixels. These can be converted into “hot” area by multiplying by the pixel area 20X20 m2 of the Sentinel 2 SWIR bands. The converted area thus resulted in km2 and km2 for 23 March and 30 March, two S2 images, acquired 7 days apart, allow monitoring of the lava flow field evolution. The first image shows a single and unique thermal anomaly expanding around the main eruptive fissure, while the second presents an already partially evolved lava area, with some portions already cooled and crusted NNW, a portion still hot and active around the main vents, and the first stage of lava flow moving towards the described in Massimetti et al. 2020 and visible in Fig. 9, the number of hot pixels detected over highly radiative bodies such as lava flows can sometimes be overestimated, in particular due to halo effects and artifacts on the MSI detector diffraction spikes triggered by instrument optics effects and intense thermal emissions, particularly visible on the March 23 acquisition. Nevertheless, the lava flow area estimated by S2 seems in good agreement with Pléiades image acquired on the 30th of March 2021 see Fig. 3, with a final estimate of first part of the ongoing effusive eruption at Fagradalsfjall on Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland that began March 19, 2021, was closely monitored in near-real time by photogrammetry using high-resolution optical Pléiades stereo images. Key information such as the lava flow outlines, thickness maps, volumes and average effusion rates were provided to the civil protection in less than 6 h after the data acquisition, which was useful for hazard evaluation, aided in the development of scenarios on potential impact on infrastructure, and helped to manage tourism resulting from this spectacular eruption not far from of the Icelandic capital our knowledge, this is the first time that stereo High Resolution optical satellite data are used in an operational way for eruption monitoring. The absence of prior usage for hazard monitoring is probably linked to non-systematic availability of these datasets. For the Fagradalsfjall eruption, Pléiades acquisitions were available, during the first ten days of the event, thanks to a special tasking request made to Airbus DS by CNES after the CIEST2 activation. We benefited from a favorable situation where the eruptive event had been anticipated and weather conditions during this period were quite good. The systematic acquisitions over the eruption site lasted for 10 days but additional stereo Pléiades images have been acquired subsequently 28th of April and 2nd of July by the Icelandic Volcanoes Supersite project supported by the Committee on Earth Observing Satellites or by commercial the subsequent reanalysis of the results produced initially in an operational way and the comparison with area, thickness, volume, and effusion rates derived from airborne surveys validate the near-real time estimations obtained in “response mode” and rapidly provided to local authorities for crisis management. In addition, Pléiades images have the potential to provide useful complementary information on the state of the volcanic plume elevation and velocity. For the response mode, we relied on local processing chains, quickly adjusting off-the-shelf tools. Indeed, operational monitoring platforms for volcanic activity like MOUNTS or HOTVOLC usually takes advantage of systematic and freely distributed satellite acquisitions. In this study, by comparing the lava flow area and effusion rate estimations derived from Pléiades images with, respectively, the area and effusion rates obtained from respectively Sentinel-2 data and from MSG-SEVIRI data, we confirmed the potential of these open-access platforms to quantitatively provide robust real-time information for effusive eruption monitoring see Table 3 for a summary of results obtained by various independent methods.The eruption of Fagradalsfjall 2021 is a proof of concept of the added value of satellite data for volcano monitoring. It shows that despite the strong potential of routinely acquired satellite data Copernicus, MSG and their efficient exploitation via online and open access platforms, access and availability of high resolution data such as Pléiades imagery can be of major importance in developing operational processing chains dedicated to these particular data. In this perspective, the DSM-OPT online service of ForMter operated by EOST has been improved to automatically produce DEMs from Pléiades stereo images as soon as they are delivered by Airbus DS after activation by CIEST2. Since the Icelandic eruption, CIEST2 has also enabled Pléiades acquisition for the St Vincent Soufrière eruption in April 2021 and for the Nyiragongo eruption in May 2021. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on. reasonable request. ReferencesPorter, C., Morin, P., Howat, I., et al. ArcticDEM. 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VP was supported by the CNES project MagmaTrack. We also thank the handling editor for helpful data processing associated with SV’s work was funded thanks to the PAPIIT project informationAuthors and AffiliationsUniversité Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, IRD, OPGC, LMV, FranceMathieu Gouhier & Yannick GuéhenneuxVirginie Pinel- University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, UGE, ISTerre, Grenoble, IRD, FranceVirginie PinelNational Land Survey of Iceland, Akranes, IcelandJoaquín M. C. BelartInstitute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, IcelandJoaquín M. C. Belart & Magnus Tumi GudmundssonBRGM, Risks and Prevention Department, Geophysical Imagery and Remote Sensing Unit, 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060, Orléans, FranceMarcello De Michele & Daniel RaucoulesCNES Centre National d’Études Spatiales, Toulouse, FranceCatherine Proy & Claire TinelLEGOS Université de Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, IRD, FranceEtienne BerthierIcelandic Institute of Natural History,, Garabær, IcelandBirgir V. ÓskarssonUniversity Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, UGE, ISTerre, Grenoble, IRD, FranceShan GremionDepartamento de Vulcanología, Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNAM, Mexico City, MexicoSébastien ValadeDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125, Turino, ItalyFrancesco MassimettiDepartment of Civil Protection and Emergency Management, National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police, Reykjavík, IcelandBjorn OddssonAuthorsMathieu GouhierYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarVirginie PinelYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarJoaquín M. C. BelartYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarMarcello De MicheleYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarCatherine ProyYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarClaire TinelYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarEtienne BerthierYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarYannick GuéhenneuxYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarMagnus Tumi GudmundssonYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarShan GremionYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarDaniel RaucoulesYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarSébastien ValadeYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarFrancesco MassimettiYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarBjorn OddssonYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarContributionsMG designed the paper and planned the research. VP, SG, JB and EB processed Pléiades data for lava volume and effusion rates. MdM and DR processed Pléiades data for volcanic plume study. CP and CT helped with fast Pléiades acquisition through the CIEST2 consortium. MG and YG processed IR data from HOTVOLC platform MSG-SEVIRI. MTG, BO and BO led the operational survey for airborne data acquisition and processing. SV and FM processed sentinel-2 authorCorrespondence to Mathieu declarations Competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 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To view a copy of this licence, visit The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Reprints and PermissionsAbout this articleCite this articleGouhier, M., Pinel, V., Belart, et al. CNES-ESA satellite contribution to the operational monitoring of volcanic activity The 2021 Icelandic eruption of Mt. Fagradalsfjall. J Appl. Volcanol. 11, 10 2022. citationReceived 17 September 2021Accepted 11 July 2022Published 13 August 2022DOI sensingPléiades imagesInfrared monitoringLava Vol en hélicoptère au-dessus du Piton de la Fournaise, La Réunion Cette offre est très populaire 84 personnes ont choisi cette activité cette année En résumé Niveau de sensation Tranquille Langues parlées anglais, français Condition physique Accessible à tous Durée 25 min Politique d'annulation flexible 1 Si vous annulez plus de 4 jours avant la date prévue de l’activité → Vous êtes automatiquement remboursés à 100% 2 Si vous annulez entre 48 et 96 heures avant l’activité → Vous serez éligible à un remboursement partiel de 50% 3 Si vous annulez 48 heures ou moins avant le début de l’activité → Aucun remboursement ne sera possible Lieu de RDV Aéroport de Saint-Pierre Pierrefonds, Chemin de L'Aérodrome 97451, Réunion Description de l'activité Montez à bord d'un hélicoptère pour vivre une expérience unique en survolant le Piton de la Fournaise, le célèbre et majestueux volcan du sud de La Réunion ! Le Piton de la Fournaise est un volcan qui culmine à 2 632 mètres d’altitude au sud de l'île de La Réunion. Avec ses nombreuses éruptions et coulées de lave, il s'agit de l'un des volcans les plus actifs de la planète. Pendant votre vol en hélicoptère de 25 minutes, vous aurez peut-être la chance d’observer une éruption vue d’en haut une expérience magique et inoubliable à ne pas manquer ! 30 minutes avant le décollage, vous ferez la connaissance de votre pilote de Mafate Hélicoptères à l'aéroport de Saint-Pierre Pierrefonds. Vous vous dirigerez d'abord vers le volcan du Piton de la Fournaise, puis sa fameuse Plaine des Sables. Ensuite, vous survolerez les cascades de Langevin et la rivière des Remparts. Lors de votre balade en hélicoptère, le pilote vous donnera des explications sur les sites visités depuis le ciel. Un café, un thé et des biscuits vous seront également offerts avant ou après le décollage et vous recevrez un diplôme pour votre baptême de vol. Si vous souhaitez découvrir le Piton de la Fournaise autrement qu'à pied, n'hésitez pas à réserver ce superbe vol en hélicoptère avec Mafate Hélicoptères ! Offres 1 Pré-requis Il est déconseillé de boire beaucoup d’alcool la veille de votre besoin, prenez avant le décollage des comprimés contre le mal des transports. Conditions particulières VEUILLEZ ARRIVER 30 MINUTES AVANT VOTRE VOL. Veuillez noter que l'activité est sujette aux conditions météo, c'est pourquoi nous vous recommandons de programmer votre survol en début de séjour pour pouvoir anticiper un éventuel période d'éruption du volcan, un minimum de 5 personnes est requis pour que le vol ait lieu. Il est interdit de prendre l'avion dans les 18h à 24h suivant une plongée. A prévoir Veste légère Lunettes de soleil Appareil photo Niveau de sensation Tranquille Condition physique Accessible à tous Lieu de RDV Aéroport de Saint-Pierre Pierrefonds, Chemin de L'Aérodrome 97451, Réunion Comprend Café, thé, gâteaux Diplôme de vol 2 Pré-requis Il est déconseillé de boire beaucoup d’alcool la veille de votre besoin, prenez avant le décollage des comprimés contre le mal des transports. Conditions particulières VEUILLEZ ARRIVER 30 MINUTES AVANT VOTRE VOL. Veuillez noter que l'activité est sujette aux conditions météo, c'est pourquoi nous vous recommandons de programmer votre survol en début de séjour pour pouvoir anticiper un éventuel période d'éruption du volcan, un minimum de 5 personnes est requis pour que le vol ait lieu. Il est interdit de prendre l'avion dans les 18h à 24h suivant une plongée. A prévoir Veste légère Lunettes de soleil Appareil photo Niveau de sensation Tranquille Condition physique Accessible à tous Lieu de RDV Aéroport de Saint-Pierre Pierrefonds, Chemin de L'Aérodrome 97451, Réunion Comprend Café, thé, gâteaux Diplôme de vol Lieu de RDV Aéroport de Saint-Pierre Pierrefonds, Chemin de L'Aérodrome 97451, Réunion Itinéraire Galerie Avis clients Avis / 5 Publié le lundi 25 avril 2022 D / 5 David B. France Superbe vol Magique 5 / 5 Publié le dimanche 17 janvier 2021 E 5 / 5 Emilie L. La Réunion Survol volcan Magnifique 5 / 5 Publié le jeudi 12 mars 2020 Pilote sympathique, belles vues Vol volcan / 5 Publié le lundi 4 novembre 2019 B / 5 Baudru S. France Joli vol Vous aimerez aussi... Helicoptère À partir de Survol des cirques de Cilaos et de Mafate en hélicoptère, La Réunion 1 Avis Saint-Pierre, La Réunion 25 min Organisé par Corail hélicoptères Helicoptère À partir de Survol en hélicoptère des 3 cirques de La Réunion 1 Avis Saint-Pierre, La Réunion 35 min Organisé par Corail hélicoptères Helicoptère À partir de Survol des volcans et des cirques de La Réunion en hélicoptère 37 Avis Saint-Pierre, La Réunion 45 min Organisé par Mafate helicopteres Helicoptère À partir de Survol de l'île de La Réunion en hélicoptère 17 Avis Saint-Pierre, La Réunion 55 min Organisé par Mafate helicopteres Helicoptère À partir de Survol des cascades et cirques de La Réunion en hélicoptère 1 Avis Saint-Pierre, La Réunion 35 min Organisé par Mafate helicopteres Randonnée / Trekking À partir de Randonnée sur le Piton Cabris et sur Les Makes à La Réunion Cirque de Cilaos, La Réunion 1 jour Organisé par Allon' bat' a pat' Helicoptère À partir de Vol en hélicoptère cascades et bassins de La Réunion avec repas 2 Avis Saint-Pierre, La Réunion 1 half day Organisé par Mafate helicopteres Helicoptère À partir de Hélicoptère et randonnée, hélirando sur l'île de La Réunion Cirque de Cilaos, La Réunion 1 half day Organisé par Mafate helicopteres Accrobranche À partir de Skywalk sur le pont du Bras de la Plaine 115 m, La Réunion Saint-Pierre, La Réunion 20 min Organisé par Verti'kal jump reunion Par Emma Vlog Trotter ROAD TRIP À LA RÉUNIONS’il y en a bien un à ne pas louper, c’est lui, l’emblème de La Réunion le Piton de la volcan toujours actif, qui offre aux Réunionnais et aux touristes chanceux, un spectacle hallucinant lorsqu’il entre en éruption. En effet, c’est un volcan effusif, qui n’est donc absolument pas dangereux même s’il est sous haute soit au repos ou en train de péter» comme on dit sur l'île intense, le spectacle naturel de ce volcan et de son parc, classé au Patrimoine Mondial de l’UNESCO est de toute splendeur. C’est incontestablement le n°1 des incontournables lors d’une visite à La classement ci-dessous correspond au parcours initiatique qui vous mènera, étape après étape, au coeur du Piton de la Fournaise01 La route des Laves & le Grand Brûlé02 Les Hautes-Plaines & Bourg-Murat03 La route du volcan du cratère Commerson à la Plaine des Sables 04 Randonner au coeur du volcan05 Le Piton de la Fournaise en éruption comment approcher la bête !Mais le volcan se mérite, il se dévoilera à vous après un parcours quasi initiatique, au cours duquel vous verrez le paysage changer, passer d’une forêt de cryptomérias à un paysage absolument lunaire et grandiose, pour finalement atteindre le Pas de Bellecombe et approcher au plus près la majestueuse filmé toute la route et tous les éléments incontournables dont je vous parle excepté Bourg-Murat dans mon VLOG ci-dessus Le Piton de la FOURNAISE». Et pour vous faire une confidence, je suis tombée raide dingue de ce volcan depuis que j’ai eu la chance de l’approcher en pleine la route des laves !Vous pouvez démarrer l'approche de la Fournaise par la découverte du versan Sud du volcan et l'impressionnante Route des Laves. Indissociable du Volcan, on peut observer les coulées de laves séchées qui se jettent dans l'Océan sur la fameuse route du Grand Brûlé. Une très bonne mise en bouche pour découvrir le superbe cône de la Fournaise qui trône en arrière plan. 02 LES HAUTES PLAINES & BOURG-MURAT 1ÈRE ÉTAPELe petit village de Bourg-Murat, tout dernier rempart avant d’emprunter la route du volcan. À vrai dire, pas grand-chose à faire ici, car Bourg-Murat est surtout une escale où dormir pour découvrir le volcan de très bonne heure. Toutefois, si vous arrivez dans la journée, vous pourrez visiter la Cité du Volcan, un musée assez complet qui vous en apprendra plus sur la bête avant de partir à sa rencontre. ATTENTION à LA BRUME qui peut recouvrir le cratère du VOLCAN !Comme dans les Cirques, la brume peut s’installer en matinée et recouvrir totalement le cratère du volcan. C’est une chose fréquente, mais une fois que l’on est averti, on anticipe et on s’arrange pour arriver avant elle. Je vous recommande donc de passer la nuit à Bourg-Murat, afin de prendre la route à 05h30 le lendemain matin compter une bonne heure de route jusqu’au volcan afin d’être sur place pour le lever du soleil. Ainsi, vous mettrez toutes les chances de votre côté de pouvoir profiter dela Plaine des Sables aka On a marché sur la lune» pour quasiment vous tout seul, ainsi que le Piton de la Fournaise, parfaitement N’oublions pas que ce n’est pas une science exacte, et que la Nature seule décidera de ce qu’elle vous dévoilera le jour de votre visite et peut-être choisira -t'elle exceptionnellement d’être couverte de brume tôt le matin, mais de manière globale, c’est à mon sens ce qu’il y a de mieux à faire pour mettre toutes les chances de votre côté. N’hésitez pas à me dire en commentaire si vous avez suivi mon conseil et si ça a marché! ;OÙ DORMIR & OÙ MANGER À BOURG-MURAT ?GÎTE Chez Clément ALICALAPA-TENON 154, chemin du Champ de Foire à Bourg-Murat - Tél 06 92 08 80 09Chambre double à 50€ petit déjeuner inclus. Repas complet apéro, entrée, plat & dessert 20€ par personne. J’y ai séjourné à deux reprises avant de me rendre au volcan et c’est top les chambres sont super mignonnes, la literie est excellente, et l’accueil très chaleureux, tout est impeccable. DÎNER À L'AUBERGE DU VOLCAN 194, rue Maurice et Katia KRAFT - 27ème km BOURG-MURAT - Tél 02 62 27 50 91 Si vous préférez sortir et vous promener dans Bourg-Murat, je vous recommande l’Auberge du Volcan. Leur carte très complète propose toutes les spécialités locales et c’est tout bonnement la route du volcan, le parcours intiatique !On dit que le plus beau dans un voyage n’est pas forcément l'arrivée, mais la route qui nous mène à notre but. Voilà un adage qui se vérifie totalement lorsqu’on emprunte la route fascinante qui nous conduit au Piton de la ÉTAPE LE CRATERE COMMERSON La route du volcan est un spectacle en soi le paysage change tous les 5 quittant Bourg-Murat, on commence par traverser une forêt de cryptomerias qui peu à peu s’estompe pour laisser place à un pare-terre d’arbustes. C’est alors qu’on s’arrête impérativement! au Belvédère du Cratère Commerson pour admirer le premier cratère qui s’offre à nous. 20 km plus loin, les arbustes disparaissent totalement laissant place à un paysage lunaire PLAINE DES SABLESLE PAYSAGE de La Réunion c’est lui, celui de la Plaine des Sables. S’il ne devait en rester qu’un, ce serait définitivement une heure ou deux minimum d’arrêt avec de la crème solaire, car quand vous aurez découvert cet endroit, vous n’aurez plus du tout envie d’en repartir. Au détour d’un virage sur la route qui nous conduit au volcan, se découvre subitement en contrebas, cet endroit surréaliste. On est immédiatement saisi parla beauté et la magnificence du lieu. Et surtout, on n'a jamais vu un tel endroit de sa vie!On a l’impression d’être un cosmonaute qui débarque sur la planète Mars ou sur la Lune. Désert rocailleux, silence écrasant, chaleur, roches rouges et lave séchée sur des centaines de mètres à la ronde, et tout ça, cerné par les parois d’un ancien cratère… Voilà le décor…Frissons garantis! Attention au coup de bambou, le soleil cogne fort sur Mars, et même si on ne s'en rend pas compte sur le moment, on peut rapidement cramer. Tartinez-vous de protection solaire pour éviter de quitter la plaine des Sables le visage aussi cramoisi que les cet endroit très précisément, nous sommes entrés sur le territoire du volcan. L’excitation se transforme en contemplation et en respect incommensurable face à la puissance de la nature. On gare sa voiture, et tout petit que l'on se sent, on part fouler la terre de cette improbable Plaine des Sables. LE GITE DU VOLCANAprès avoir fait le plein de Planète Mars et ça repart !, on remonte en voiture en sachant qu’heureusement, on repassera à nouveau par cet endroit de toute beauté pour repartir et qu’on pourra donc s’y arrêter une seconde fois ouf !. On se dirige à présent vers le volcan qui n’est plus très loin… Deux solutions s’offrent à vous Faire l’aller-retour dans la journée pour ceux qui manqueraient de temps, et ce sera déjà la nuit au Gîte du Volcan pour randonner dans le Parc Naturel tôt le lendemain Gîte du Volcan est le seul établissement que vous trouverez entre Bourg-Murat et la Fournaise. Il est ouvert toute la journée et propose des boissons, sandwichs et repas le midi aux visiteurs de passage. Mas surtout, il est construit à flanc de falaise sur un cratère et se trouve juste à côté du Pas de Bellecombe, qui est le point de vue final de contemplation du volcan, et le départ de nombreuses randonnées dans la un Gîte charmant et très bien entretenu, qui propose des nuitées en dortoir ainsi que le repas du soir excellent et très copieux ! pour les randonneurs. LE GÎTE DU VOLCAN - Route du Volcan 600m avant le Pas de Bellecombe Tél +262 692 85 20 91 Tarif 16€ par personne. Nuits en dortoir uniquement - Repas du soir 20€04 à l'assaut du merveilleux piton de la fournaise !RANDONNER AU coeur DU VOLCANPlusieurs randonnées s’offrent à vous, de durées et de niveaux de difficultés variables, mais toutes d’une splendeur rare. Le point de départ des randonnées que je vous conseille est le Pas de Bellecombe, à savoir le bout du bout de la route du volcan photo ci-dessusÀ cet endroit précis, vous avez un belvédère qui domine l’enclos», le cratère principal du volcan. Vous apercevrez presque en dessous de vous le petit Formica Léo, un minuscule et adorable petit piton, à côté duquel on peut se promener en descendant dans l’ sur le cratère Rivals Après être descendu dans l’enclos, vous avez la possibilité de poursuivre votre marche jusqu’au cratère Rivals. Randonnée sans grande dans l'enclos jusqu'au Formica Léo Randonnée familiale sans grande difficulté, à travers laquelle on se promène dans l’enclos. Photo du Formica Léo ci-dessusRandonnée du sentier du Dolmieu Cette randonnée qui grimpe pas mal vous conduira au sommet du cratère à 2 350m d’altitude. La randonnée est physique mais exceptionnelle. Compter la journée, environ 7h aller-retour depuis le Pas de Bellecombe. Il sera indispensable de partir tôt le matin et prévoir son pique-nique et beaucoup d’ vers le Piton de Bert Le départ de cette randonnée s’effectue depuis le parking Foc Foc, non loin du Pas de Bellecombe. Compter 2h30 aller-retour et aucune difficulté puisque tout le sentier est en plat. On longe la crête de l’enclos, avec une vue plongeante sur ce dernier et sur le Piton de la Fournaise. C’est une très belle randonnée que j’ai eu la chance de faire de nuit pour assister à l’éruption d’octobre 2018 du Piton de la Fournaise…05 randonner au piton de la fournaise... lors d'une éruption !On prévoit souvent un voyage plusieurs mois à l’avance, c’est donc le hasard absolu de tomber pile au moment d’une éruption. J’ai eu beaucoup de chance lors de mon voyage à la Réunion, car après avoir pu nager avec les baleines et couvrirle Grand Raid, je suis arrivée sur l'île pile lors d'une éruption du majestueux Piton de la d’une éruption, les sentiers de randonnées qui passent pas l’enclos sont fermés au public pour des raisons évidentes de sécurité. Mais il y a tellement de pitons autour de la Fournaise, qu’il y a aura toujours un sentier que vous pourrez emprunter pour avoir un point de vue sur les coulées de éruption est différente et ne se manifeste pas de la même manière, ni au même endroit. Lors de ma venue à La Réunion en octobre 2018, c’est via le sentier du Piton de Bert que j’ai pu observer l’éruption de nuit, histoire d’en prendre encore plus plein les lors de votre venue vous avez la chance de pouvoir assister à une éruption du Piton de la Fournaise, n’hésitez pas à téléphoner à l’Office du Tourisme du Tampon je ne veux pas entendre la moindre blague...! qui saura vous aiguiller sur le sentier à emprunter pour avoir un point de vue sur l’éruption. Ils sont adorables et ont l’habitude de conseiller les randonneurs. Si vous rencontrez malgré tout des difficultés à trouver les bonnes infos, écrivez-moi et je tâcherai de vous aiguiller au mieux, car c’est à ne pas rater;Pour préparer ma double randonnée nocturne & lever du soleil au Piton de Bert, je décide de passer la nuit au Gîte du volcan, où j'ai motivé un petit groupe de randonneurs pour venir avec moi voir les coulées de Décollage du Gîte du Volcan en voiture direction le Parking Foc Foc 15 minutes03h30 Début de la randonnée de nuit vers le Piton de vite la magie opère. On aperçoit au loin une nuée rouge qui éclaire la nuit. Plus on avance et plus le vent froid porte un souffle chaud jusqu’à nos visages. La lumière rouge s’intensifie jusqu’au moment où l’on distingue au loin le magma !À partir de là, on est comme dans un rêve, on avance frénétiquement, happé par la promesse de ce spectacle grandiose sur la lave qui nous attire, jusqu’à atteindre le point final, celui à partir duquel nous avons la meilleure visibilité sur les coulées de laves en contrebas. 05h00 Arrivée au point d’observation. 30 à 45 min d’observation Lever du Début de la 2ème randonnée. Retour vers le Parking Foc Foc, à la différence près que le chemin du retour s’effectue de jour et que l’on découvre alors le chemin parcouru de nuit et la vue fantastique que l’on a sur l’enclos et sur le Piton qui continue de cracher sa Retour au Parking Foc Foc et direction le Gîte du volcan pour prendre le petit !Lorsqu’on randonne de nuit ou tôt le matin, il fait très froid même si on est en plein cœur de l’Océan Indien! Prévoir des pulls, une doudoune le cas échéant, un bonnet et des gants. Ainsi que de l’eau en quantité et des gâteaux. Et bien entendu, prévoir impérativement une carte de l’IGN ! Cela arrive que des randonneurs se perdent au volcan, vous n’avez pas envie d’être celui ou celle qui mobilisera les pompiers plusieurs heures pour partir à votre recherche ?en conclusion !Le Parc Naturel du Piton de la Fournaise, est selon moi, le spot le plus impressionnant de La Réunion. C’est celui qui normalement, vous marquera le plus. Je vous conseille de lui consacrer au moins deux jours si votre emploi du temps le permet. Si vous avez des questions, laissez-moi un commentaire en bas de cet article, je me ferai une joie de vous répondre, car pour vous faire une confidence, je suis devenue accro à La Fournaise depuis que j'ai eu la chance de l'approcher en pleine sillonné La Réunion dans le cadre d'un road trip de 3 semaines à travers l' réalisé en collaboration avec l'IRT l'Ile de la Réunion en découvrir davantage sur La Réunion N'oubliez pas de regarder mon VLOG consacré au Piton de la Fournaise et à l'éruption !Si vous avez des questions, des souvenirs à partager, ou des retours de voyages, laissez-moi un message en commentaire ! Je serai ravie de lire tout ça et je vous réponds au plus vite À très vite pour de nouvelles aventures ! Cet article date de plus de deux ans. Publié le 26/10/2019 1410 Mis à jour le 26/10/2019 1508 Durée de la vidéo 1 min. France 2 Article rédigé par Le volcan est toujours en activité. C'est même la cinquième fois de l'année que le Piton de la Fournaise est entré en éruption. Comme de l'or en fusion, sertie dans la nuit, des carats de laves s'écoulent sur plus de quatre km. À 1 400 mètres d'altitude, le Piton de la Fournaise, sur l'île de La Réunion, s'est fissuré et laisse échapper son magma. Certains touristes et habitants ont marché plus de deux heures, dans la nuit, pour voir les choses de tout près. "Le spectacle est grandiose comme d'habitude. On voit et on l'entend", s'extasie l'un d'entre eux. "Ça fait un peu peur, on dirait l'apocalypse", plaisante un autre. "C'est la plus belle éruption qu'on ait vue jusque-là", observe une habitante. Samedi 26 octobre au matin, les coulées se sont rapprochées à moins de 500 mètres de la route. Déjà l'éruption baisse en intensité, peut-être plus que quelques heures pour écouter la terre grésiller. Les précédentes éruptions s'étaient produites en février, juin et août. Situé dans le sud-est de La Réunion, le Piton de la Fournaise est l'un des volcans les plus actifs au monde. Il est entré en éruption à plus d'une quinzaine de reprises au cours des dix dernières années. Publié le 22/04/2021 à 1420, Mis à jour le 22/04/2021 à 1737 Les corps des deux victimes ont été retrouvés jeudi matin par le peloton de gendarmerie de haute montagne dans l'enclos, la caldeira centrale du volcan. Deux jeunes randonneurs ont été retrouvés morts jeudi, après être partis en randonnée mardi au Piton de la Fournaise, le volcan actuellement en éruption sur l'île de La Réunion, a indiqué jeudi la lire aussiAprès 2h40 enseveli sous la neige, un randonneur sauvé en SavoieLes corps des deux victimes ont été retrouvés jeudi matin par le peloton de gendarmerie de haute montagne dans l'enclos, la caldeira centrale du volcan. Les raisons du décès des deux jeunes hommes ne sont pas encore VOIR AUSSI - Les images de la première éruption de l'année au Piton de la Fournaise

camera volcan piton de la fournaise